World War I And The Great War - 1004 Words

World War I or the Great War as it became known, occurred due to many causes, some of which are still unknown. The obvious trigger was the assassination of the heir to the AustriaHungarian throne archduke Ferdinand and his wife Sophie on the twenty-eighth of June 1914. But a great portion of the cause dealt with past disputes between the Great Powers and such aggressive principles as Nationalism: the strong feeling of pride and devotion to one s country, Imperialism: the domination of one country of the political, economic, and cultural life of another, and Militarism: the glorification of a strong army. In addition, the economic competition, the arms race and the prominent alliance system of Europe pushed the continent into the brink of war. In this paper, I will discuss how Nationalism, Imperialism, and Militarism sparked a global rivalry between the major powers. Additionally, I will explain how the assassination of archduke Ferdinand and the action of an individual ignited the co nfrontation, which pushed the European powers to war in the early 1900 s. Nationalism is a very powerful force that can bind people and unite a land for the common good. But at the same time, nationalism can fuel bitter conflicts between proud nations. Aggressive nationalism became one of the leading forces that ignited World War One. This is evident in the three major nationalist movements that fueled the appetite for war: Alsace and Lorraine, Pan-Slavism, and the Balkan states. AsShow MoreRelatedThe Great War : World War I894 Words   |  4 Pages The Great War: World War I World War I, otherwise known as the Great War, began as a small battle that eventually developed into a prodigious uproar between several countries. WWI’s beginnings are controversial and historians throughout the world have several theories about the destructive event. Said to be one of the most disastrous and ruinous struggles between nations, The Great War lasted from July 1914 until November 1918. Referred to as a World War because of the global participation andRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1472 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War I was usually suggested to as The Great War. The war began sometime in 1914 and lasted four years, ending in 1918. America endorsed, in this era, a great amount of devastation. Throughout those four years alone approximately nine million casualties occurred and in addition millions more were mutilated, grief-stricken, handicapped, or traumatized. World War I is referred to by some, the first catastrophe, man-made, of the twentieth century. Many historians continue to contemplate the essentialRead MoreThe Great War Of World War I1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great War also considered to be World War I, although not initially named that due to not knowing that there would have been a second one. The war lasted from 1914-1918 and was one of the most violent wars known to history. Before war broke out many of these countries were flourishing economically and wanting to advance their country. During this time period many of the countries were unified and if there was one country that were to engage in war with one then it would cause a major war. ARead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1249 Words   |  5 PagesWhenever you come across World War I, don’t you ever deeply think about how it all started? Who would have known that just 2 pulls of a trigger could have triggered a demoralizing World War? World War I, also known as â€Å"The Great War,† was a war that primarily took place in Europe. It officially started on the 28th of July in 1914 and it unexpectedly lasted until the 11th of November in 1918 (about 4 years). The most predominant countries that fought in this war include Great Britain, France, RussiaRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1147 Words   |  5 Pagesperspective of being the First World War, it truly lived to the name of â€Å"The Great War†. While no war is ever simple, this one was very complex for its time. It was a vast w ar with a revolutionary impact on military advances. The end result of the war, catastrophic. It was a conflict on a global scale that later involved over thirty nations. If anything it was a war on politics, and really illuminates what poor political stamina can result in. With all of this in mind the question stands, â€Å"What madeRead MoreThe Great War And World War I Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesBetween 1914 and 1918, many of the worlds leading countries were neck to neck in a bloody and gruesome battle known as the Great War or World War I. The United States practiced its policy of isolationism, a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other countries. However, in April 1917 the United States officially entered the war. Although the United States only fought in two battles, at St. Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne, the fighting took a heavy toll on American lives. In anRead MoreThe World War I And The Great War1560 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War One , also known as the Great War was a global war fought between the allied powers and the central powers from July 1914 to November 1918. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand led to the outbreak of world war one. Franz Ferdinand was the arch duke of Austrian-Hungarian Empire and was considered as the heir of the Empires monarchy throne. However there was many other factors that caused world war one. Alliances which is an agreement between two or more countries which gives help if oneRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1196 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom this 20th century time period under the influence of mass media. World War I, or the Great War, was one of the bloodiest wars of all time. It was a war sparked by militarism, alliance, imperialism, and nationalism. However it’s affliction laid the groundwork for post war prosperity. Nearly all social classes felt its benefits. Workers rights improved, taxes were lowered, technology advanced, and industry boomed. The war was brutal a nd the roaring twenties were a chance for the United StatesRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1509 Words   |  7 Pagespower. World War I, also known as the Great War was the outcome of many tensions and a sequence of calamitous incidents that plunged Europe into a disaster zone. Due to the use of the machine gun and trench warfare, most of the war was a battle of attrition between the â€Å"Triple Alliance† and the â€Å"Triple Entente†. Millions of people fought and died in this war, among them thousands of Canadians. There have been many attempts to reconstruct experiences and battles of the First World War in proseRead MoreThe World War I And The Great War1684 Words   |  7 Pagestraveling the world to different places, being an amazing influence to many young people got him far in his career of big band swing music. Art and music is also known as formal music, serious music, erudite music, or legitimate music (sometimes shortened to legit music) —is an umbrella-term used to refer to musical traditions implying advanced structural and theoretical considerations and a written musical tradition. World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war centered

Evaluate Shakespeares Presentation of Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students

Evaluate Shakespeares Presentation of Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet Essay Mercutios name derives from the adjective Mercurial which is also known as changeable The variations of his name give a relevant insight into the complicated character of Mercutio. Other names such as Mercury the Roman messenger God suggest the quick paced humour and witty character. All these many names speak a lot about his personality and big influence in Romeo and Juliet. Some of Mercutios many contributions to the play are as a comic foil to Romeo, contrasting with Romeos more softly spoken, humourless character or as guidance about love. Mercutio is first introduce in Act 1 Scene 4. Nay, gentle Romeo, we must have you dance. This immediately suggests his lively cheerful personality. Shakespeare introduces Mercutio at this point in time as a way to break up the tension of the previous happenings. If love be rough with you, be rough with love. Shows his jovial, positive view towards anything. Another similar idea is when Mercutio says Prick love for pricking. This portrays Mercutio as a joker and the use of puns pricks/prick shows his quick witted comedy. Throughout the first scene Mercutio displays many different views of love. You are a lover, borrow Cupids wings/ Too great oppression for a tender thing. This shows that Mercutio is a person who is acquainted with love as may have experienced it in the past. Later on in this scene Mercutio recites to Romeo a soliloquy of Queen Mab. This is one of the most prominent and influential moments in the play. It demonstrates Mercutios vivid imagination, including lots of imagery prefiguring events to come. In shape no bigger than an agate-stone. Or On the forefinger of an alderman. The character of Queen Mab is based on figures in the pagan Celtic mythology that predated Christianitys arrival in England. This links in with the idea of religion being a strong part of the play. Mercutio picks up on this supernatural and mystical idea and uses it to illustrate a deeper darker meaning. At first the speech seems to be based around mystical fairies but another meaning is also apparent towards the end of the play. This is the hag, when maids lie on their backs. Words such as quean and mab refer to whores in Elizabethan England. Mercutio uses the pun of talking about magical fairies but references it to prostitution. This again shows the deeply intricate character of Mercutio. Shakespeare also combines the idea of supernatural with fate in that he includes many references to what will happen in later scenes. Through lovers brains, and they dream of love. Anticipates the meeting of Romeo and Juliet in Act 1 Scene 5. However more cleverly Mercutio comes to the conclusion that Dreams are nothing but silly imagination which is shown by True, I talk of dreams Which are the children of an idle brain. This quote reveals a very important hidden meaning. Mercutio is saying that dreams are nothing but imagination and delusions. This gives a very different view to the play. It co ntrasts with the Romantic tragedy and shows a view on reality. In that Romeo dreams of being with Juliet yet they will never be together, Friar Lawrence dreams of bringing peace to Verona through the marriage of Romeo and Juliet yet instead it works out with the death of both of them. Each of these examples illustrates the important prediction of Mercutio. Shakespeare uses the complicated character of Mercutio to represent complex and contrasting views to things. Mercutio is appears again in Act 2 Scene 2 where he is used to play a very much different role. Shakespeare intends for Mercutio to be a likeable character and someone the audience can relate too with his appealing humour and vast knowledge. Romeo! Humours! Madman! Passion! Lover! This sentence showing key aspects in the plot give an insight into Romeos character. It is used by Shakespeare to build up the tension for what is too come but also to give the audience and better insight into the character of Mercutio. .u6559db84b5ff123844cb6de87b6be0ac , .u6559db84b5ff123844cb6de87b6be0ac .postImageUrl , .u6559db84b5ff123844cb6de87b6be0ac .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6559db84b5ff123844cb6de87b6be0ac , .u6559db84b5ff123844cb6de87b6be0ac:hover , .u6559db84b5ff123844cb6de87b6be0ac:visited , .u6559db84b5ff123844cb6de87b6be0ac:active { border:0!important; } .u6559db84b5ff123844cb6de87b6be0ac .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6559db84b5ff123844cb6de87b6be0ac { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6559db84b5ff123844cb6de87b6be0ac:active , .u6559db84b5ff123844cb6de87b6be0ac:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6559db84b5ff123844cb6de87b6be0ac .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6559db84b5ff123844cb6de87b6be0ac .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6559db84b5ff123844cb6de87b6be0ac .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6559db84b5ff123844cb6de87b6be0ac .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6559db84b5ff123844cb6de87b6be0ac:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6559db84b5ff123844cb6de87b6be0ac .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6559db84b5ff123844cb6de87b6be0ac .u6559db84b5ff123844cb6de87b6be0ac-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6559db84b5ff123844cb6de87b6be0ac:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Wild Horses EssayThis scene in Act 2 is one of Shakespeare most humorous and least tragic acts in the play. Shakespeare uses this to explore the positive, joyful, and romantic aspects of young love. Mercutios wordplay in Act 2 is also very sexual, highlighting and opposing the true love of Romeo and Juliet. Words such as An open-arse, thou a poprin pear! Demonstrate Mercutios view on Romeos love for Rosaline. If love be blind, love cannot hit the mark. Cross references back to Act 1 Scene 4 where Mercutio says If love be roughbe rough with love. It shows his repeated references and advice towards Romeo. In Scene 4 Mercutio once again shows his sexual humour when he makes jokes about the Nurse. Good Peter, to hide her face, for her fans the fairer face. This shows Mercutios bawdy humour. Shakespeare also uses Mercutio to incorporate an obscene song. Mercutio uses puns hare/hoare This shows intelligent use of wordplay showing Mercutio as not afraid of anything. This ties in later when he fights to defend the life of his friend Romeo showing a loyal and thoughtful character which is often hidden under the humour and sexual punning. Mercutio makes his final appearance in Act 3 Scene 1 where he is fatally stabbed. Due to his funny and likeable personality many people think Shakespeare killed this major character off early as it drew attention away from the real main characters of the story Romeo and Juliet However another interpretation and reason could be that Shakespeare wanted a dramatic and intense turning point to the play. Shakespeare builds up the tension in the play with Tybalt seeking revenge and the many incidents relating to the Montagues and the Capulets and finally releases it all in this one scene. Shakespeare uses Mercutios final scene as a reminder that, for all its emphasis on love, beauty, and romance in Romeo and Juliet it is till set in a world where death and tragedies can happen. Romeos dialogue, O, I am fortunes fool! refers to his unluckiness in being forced to kill his new wifes cousin, which results in him getting banished. It also reiterates the sense of fate that hangs over the play. However, Mercutios response is very much contrasting to Romeos. Romeo blames fate, or fortune, for what has happened to him but Mercutio curses the Montagues and Capulets. Mercutio sees people as the cause of his death, and gives no credit to any larger force. This shows Mercutios clever, thoughtful characteristics. This is again shown when he cries A plague oboth your houses. This shows Mercutio as mature and understanding as he is able to work out the ongoing problem is the conflict between the two households. Shakespeare cleverly incorporates a last pun in Mercutios dialogue. You shall find me a grave man. This gives the audience mixed feelings whether to think of it as serious or dead It is important as it shows Mercutios fighting spirit and the fact that he does not wa nt to share the burden by telling everyone he is injured, instead just dying. Overall Shakespeare portrays Mercutio as humorous and intelligent. One of the main reasons he is included in the play is for comedy and interesting views. However Shakespeare also uses him as a foil to many of his characters. His constant use of sexual punning adds complexity and interest to the dialogue whilst his mystical, magical inclination ties in with many relevant themes. On the whole he is a great influence to the play and Shakespeare even makes use with the death of Mercutio as a way to signify darker more sinister events to come. The death of Mercutio signifies the death of humour and Shakespeare uses this as a way to prefigure what is later to come.

Judicial Administration of British India Uptill 1790 free essay sample

History comprises of the growth, evolution and development of the legal system in the country and sets forth the historical process whereby a legal system has come to be what it is over time. The legal system of a country at a given time is not the creation of one man or of one day but is the cumulative fruit of the endeavor, experience, thoughtful planning and patient labour of a large number of people through generations. With the coming of the British to India, the legal system of India changed from what it was in the Mughal period where mainly the Islamic law was followed. The legal system currently in India bears a very close resemblance to what the British left us with. As per the needs of the changing times changes and amendments were made, but the procedure which is followed not has its roots in the era of British-India. We will write a custom essay sample on Judicial Administration of British India Uptill 1790 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Little did the traders of the English East India Company while establishing their trade in India know that they would end up establishing their rule for about 200 years here. Medieval Period 1600-1726 The charter of 1600 established the English East India Company in India. s per the charter of 1661 the English and the Indians residing under the Company came under its jurisdiction. From the period ranging from 1661 till 1726, laws of equity and justice in conformity with the laws in England were followed. There was no codified law. In Calcutta, the judicial system was based on the Company’s authority as a zamindar. This continued till the charter of 1726 was passed. Before Madras attained the position of a Presidency in 1665 it had two courts namely, the Choultry Court and the Court of the Agent and Council. By the charter of 1668 the Company was conferred powers to make laws for the island of Bombay. From this period till the passing of the Charter of 1726, there were civil and criminal courts in these presidencies. In madras, there was the choultry court, the mayor’s court and the admiralty court as well. On the other hand, in Bombay till 1726 judicial systems were not stable and kept changing. Earlier there were courts like the Court of Judicature (1672) which dealt with civil and criminal cases and matters of probates and testaments, and a Court of Conscience to decide petty cases. There was a system of appeals as well. In madras the appeals from the Mayor’s Court were filed to the Governor and Council. On the other hand, Bombay had Deputy-Governor and Council as its appellate Court. In Bombay this system elapsed due to lack of independence of the judiciary. In the following judicial system of Bombay an admiralty court was established with a Judge-Advocate as its head. This court apart from its existing powers enjoyed civil and criminal jurisdiction. Later a court of Judicature was established under this system after which the Admiralty Court lost its ground. The Admiralty court in Madras also became irregular by this time. Another system came about in 1718 in Bombay and this gave representation to the Indians as well by appointing 4 Indian Judges, known as Black Justices, in the Court. A parallel system of judiciary was running in the mofussil areas. The Company attained the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa in 1765. As per the plan of 1772 under Warren Hastings, the Courts of Original Jurisdiction were Mofussil Faujdari Adalat, the court of criminal jurisdiction; Mofussil Diwani Adalat, the court of civil jurisdiction and Small Cause Adalat. Under the Appellate Courts we had Sadar Nizami Adalat, the criminal court of appeals; Sadar Diwani Adalat, civil court of appeals. The Collectors started monopolizing the trade in the districts putting the end to this system and giving rise to a new plan of 1774 The Company’s financial break-down was the immediate cause for the enforcement of the Regulating Act of 1773. Section 13 of the Act provided for the establishment of a Supreme Court at Calcutta. The court, also a court of record with the power to punish for its contempt, had civil, equity, criminal, ecclesiastical and admiralty jurisdiction. Appeals against decisions of this Court and through the Court could be filed in all civil and criminal cases respectively before the King-in-Council. The establishment of this Court was a welcome as it was the first British Court in India consisting of lawyers, its jurisdiction was so wise that it covered all kinds of legal wrongs and that since all British subject came under its jurisdiction it ensured rule of law. . The Governor –General Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793) introduced changes in the judicial system in 1787, 1790, and 1793. He had thoroughly reorganized the civil and criminal judicial system in India in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. He for the first time introduced the principle of administration according to law. In 1787 he merged the revenue collection and power to try the revenue disputes in the same hands of the magistrate who formed the Mal Adalat. Appeals from the Mal Adalat had to go to the Governor General. 1. The Choultry Courts:- The Charters dated 31st December, 1600, 31st May 1609 and 4th February, 1622 granted powers to the East India Company to Chastise and correct all English persons committing any misdemeanour in the East Indias. As a result, the Choultry Court was formed from 1622 onwards. The Choultry Courts tried petty cases, Civil or Criminal. They remitted important cases, where English Subjects were involved, to England, while they persuaded the local Naik or the adigar (adhikari or elder of the village) to deal with cases in which Indians were the parties. The Governer sat at the town house or the Choultry hence it was termed as choultry court. These courts were the courts of petty causes, custom house and a registration centre for sale of property and liscensing of the slaves. The presiding officer was known as the chief justice of the choultry. The jurisdiction of the Choultry Court was fixed at fifty Pagodas. The Presidency Officer of the old Choultry Court was called as the Chief Justice of the Choultry. The charter of 1661 resulted in the loss of significance of these courts as the crown empowered the Governor to hear the disputes of English as well as the natives living in the settlements. To meet the insufficiency of the Choultry Court, Streynsham Master in March, 1678, established the First Court of Judicature in Madras. To try the case of Ascentia Dawes madras was turned into a presidency that resulted in the formation of Court of judicature. Causes were decided according to the Laws of England. After 1678, the Justices of the Choultry, act as the Court of Execution, because Constables were attached to the Choultry Court. 2:-The court of judicature in madras 1678:- In March, 1678, the Governor and council of Madras created a High Court of Judicature and resolved to decide all civil and criminal cases with the help of a jury of 12 men. The Choultry Court was reorganized as it was to consist of Company’s servants and was to sit two days a week to try small misdemeanors, matters of peace, civil actions, upto 50 pagods. 0 All other cases and appeals lay to the High Court of judicature. Thus, a hierarchy of courts was established in Madras. The company was, in the meanwhile, put to a great loss by independent merchants indulging in trade against the monopoly of the Company granted to it in the Charter of 1600. Moreover, the crime of piracy was also rampant on the high seas. Consequently on August 9, 1683, Charles II granted a Charter to the Company authorizing it to establish one or more such courts. The court was to consist of a person ‘learned in civil law’ and two merchants appointed by the Company. It had jurisdiction to hear all mercantile cases committed on the high seas. 3:-Admirality courts of Madras and Bombay:- In 1687, the Company sent from England Sir John Biggs, a professional lawyer to act as the judge – advocate. Thereafter, the Governor and the council relinquished their judicial functions. They however, sat occasionally to decide cases of fugitives. The Admiralty Court became the general court in Madras. Sir Biggs died in 1689 and the Governor and the council appointed the Governor and the judge- advocate with two members of the council as the judges of the Admiralty Court. In 1692, a new judge-advocate John Dolben, was sent from England, but he was dismissed in 1694 on corruption charges. The next judge-advocate was a civil servant Mr. William Fraser. In Bombay an Admiralty Court was established in 1684 and Dr. John St. John, a professional lawyer, was sent from England. Relations between Dr. John and Governor Child worsened and the later took the powers from the former to try ordinary civil and criminal cases. The Governor established another court to try civil and criminal cases headed by Vaux, who was not legally trained. Dr. John was dismissed by the Governor in 1687 for his judicial independence. It is because of this episode that the Company was very reluctant to bring professional lawyers from England although it was provided in the Charters. John Grey was appointed the Judge of the admirality court of Madras. The court sat quarterly in sessions and its jurisdiction was wide including civil, criminal, maritime and mercantile jurisdiction. It is noticeable in Madras that the earlier all the powers of the executive were transferred to the admirality courts which were later restored or replaced by the Governor and his council gradually. Mayor’s courts in Madras and Bombay:- In 1688, the Company established the Madras Corporation and created a Mayor’s court as part of it. The court had one Mayor and 12 aldermen and was also called the Court of Record. A skilled lawyer had to be appointed as the Recorder. In the Madras Mayor’s Court the first Recorder was Sir John Biggs who was also judge- advocate in the Admiralty Court. The Mayor’s Court had jurisdiction in civil cases as well as criminal cases. In civil cases valuing over three pagodas, and in criminal cases when the offender was sentenced to lose life or limb appeals from the Mayor’s Court lay to the Admiralty Court. It is important to note that Sir John Biggs was a judge in both courts. The Mayor Court used jury in criminal cases. In 1712, the Governor and council in Madras decided that death sentences will be given to the natives only and not to an Englishman. The Admiralty Court did not set regularly after 1704 and appeals from Mayor’s court lay to the Governor and council. The Choultry Court was to try petty cases, civil cases of up to two pagodas. Thus, from 1686 to 1726, three courts functioned in Madras. They were the Choultry Court, the Mayor’s Court, and the Admiralty Court. Since justice under the early charters was exclusively administered by traders, it may well be called ‘traders’ justice. ’ At that time in England there they got London Corporation and they got London mayors court, as per the British Law that time Municipal corporations enjoyed the judicial powers also. Company issued the charter and started Madras Corporation utilizing the powers given by British Crown. In the year 1687 company established Madras Corporation and Mayors Court was the part of this corporation. In the year 1686 Madras government levied a house tax on the Madras city population to repair the city wall, but people of Madras, local people did not pay the tax and company faced problems and difficulties to collect the tax. After this company decided that to make the tax collection easy, a body should be formed consisting of English men as well as local Indian population so it will become easy for the Company officials to collect the tax. The corporation came into existence on September, 29, 1968 which consisted of a Mayor, 12 Aldermen and from 60 to 120 Burgesses. It was decided that every year new Mayor will be elected from Aldermen by aldermen and burgesses and retiring Mayor can be reelected by them. The aldermen and Burgesses got the power to remove the Mayor if he is unable to perform his duties. Only Englishman can become the Mayor . The Aldermen hold the office as long as they stayed in Madras city. Indirectly they hold the office for lifelong. Mayor and Burgesses hold the power to remove the Aldermen from office also if he did not perform well. Among the Aldermen minimum 3 were required to be British servants of the company and other 9 can belong to any nationality or religion. The first 12 Aldermen were as follows – Englishmen – 3 Hindus – 3 Frenchman – 1 Portuguese – 2 Jews and Armenians – 3 The charter appointed 29 Burgesses and then remaining Burgesses were appointed by the Mayor and Aldermen. Among the first 60 Burgesses, the caste heads were selected as the Burgesses. This was the nature of First Corporation. The Mayor and the 3 senior Aldermen were to be the Justices of the peace. The Mayor and Aldermen were to form a Court of record which was authorized to try civil as well as criminal cases. This court was known as Mayors Court. The Mayors court was authorized to give following punishments. Fine, amercement, imprisonment and corporal punishment. The convicted persons got right to file appeal at the Admiralty court. As Mayor and Aldermen did not have legal knowledge the provision was made for the appointment of the Recorder of the court. He helped the Mayor regarding the cases and he also got the power to vote just like Aldermen. The recorder of the court was required to be skillful in the law as well as the servant of the company. The charter appointed the Judge Advocate Sir Biggs as the first Recorder. Only in the year 1712 the court got power to give death sentence to native people. The Mayor Court did not follow uniform punishment for the same crime it depend on the judges discretion for this the reason was that the Mayor and his team did not have any legal knowledge. Sir Biggs got the experience of working as a recorder in the London but here in Madras the problem was that Sir Biggs sat in the Admiralty Court as Judge Advocate where appeals from the Mayors Court were went. But company ignored this fact. After the death of Sir Biggs no Recorder was appointed. Like this in the period of 1686 to 1726 in Madras city 3 Courts functioned. Mayors Court, Choultry Court and Admiralty Court. After 1704, Governor and Council heard the appeals from the Mayors court as Admiralty court stop to function. In this period also the criminals were so long kept in jails that even people forgot the crimes. Justice system was very slow and no one bothered. The capital punishment was given by Hanging. Robbery was punished with Death. Witchcraft was punished with fine and pillory. Mayors court( 1726) or the court of judicature of Bombay Bombay remained under the Mughal occupation from 1690 to 1718.

The eNotes Blog Top Ten Gifts for Readers and Writers Cyber-Monday isHere!

Top Ten Gifts for Readers and Writers Cyber-Monday isHere! Got a reader and/or writer on your Christmas list? Take advantage of Cyber-Monday with these unique offerings for your favorite nerd. And I mean that in the most loving way possible, of course. 10. Favorite Writers Coasters Even first-class swillers like the infamous indulgers Hunter S. Thompson and Charles Bukowski didnt want nasty water rings left on their bedside table. Honor their memories and wishes with these snazzy coasters from Retrowhale and take advantage of 15% off your order, today only.   Use order code Retro77. 9.   Big Books Tote Bag Make Sir Mix-a-lot proud and your children cringe with this bag from Pamela Fugate Designs. Free shipping! 8.   Tolkein Ring As your favorite Tolkein geek will explain to you, the wizard Gandalf says this in The Fellowship of the Ring.   7.   Bamboo Bath Caddy A book, a bubble bath, and wine? Ill be out around the end of February. Maybe. 10% off with the code Cyber at Macys. 6.   Massage Bed Rest from Brookstone Ooohhh Okay. It does remind me a bit of the flying chairs in the movie Wall-E but Ill take one. I bet any other reader you know would love it as well. Massage, place for a drink, pockets, a reading light? Yes, please. 5% off Cyber-Monday with the code Pinit5. 5.   Hemingway Gift Box from Royal Palm Arts Set includes a 6 oz stainless steel flask, a pair of shot glasses, a leather notebook, a wooden cigar caddy/pencil holder, and two pencils. Fill up the flask and throw in a couple of Cubans and youve got yourself a right manly Christmas there, my friend. 4. Demeter Fragrances: Paperback Forget  pheromones! I hope this comes in a male version. Books and manliness? Gimme.   Description promises, A trip to your favorite library or used bookstore. Sweet and lovely with just a touch of the musty smell of aged paper,  Demeters Paperback harnesses that scent with a sprinkling of violets and a dash of tasteful potpourri. 3.   Scrabble: Book Lovers Edition Gather round kids, where I introduce you to this concept that came, yes, BEFORE Words With Friends. In this Scrabble edition, you get extra points for playing names of novels and authors. Im not entirely sure why you couldnt do that on a regular Scrabble board, but hey, this one looks all library-y and stuff. Cyber-Monday deals at Amazon.   2.   Literary iPhone Covers I love these. Love them! Perhaps Ill even be persuaded to dump my 3G in order to get one. Or several. Hurry, limited editions and sadly, TKAM is already gone.   At Uncommon Goods. 1. Gift Certificate for Uninterrupted Reading and/or Writing Time While all the previous ideas are fabulous, what most readers and writers want more than anything is some unfettered timetime free of needy kids, inquiring significant others, ringing phones, knocks at the door, email Better yet, pair this with one or more of the other gifts listed here and make your favorite  bibliophile/author very happy indeed.

History of the First Crossword Puzzles

History of the First Crossword Puzzles A crossword puzzle is a game of words where the player is given a hint and the number of letters. The player then fills in a grid of boxes by finding the right words. Liverpool journalist, Arthur Wynne invented the first crossword puzzle. Arthur Wynne Arthur Wynne was born on June 22, 1871, in Liverpool, England. He immigrated to the United States at the age of nineteen. He first lived in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and worked for the Pittsburgh Press newspaper. An interesting side-note was that Wynne also played violin in the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra. Later, Arthur Wynne moved to Cedar Grove, New Jersey and started working for a New York City-based newspaper called the New York World. He wrote the first crossword puzzle for the New York World, published on Sunday, December 21, 1913. The editor had asked Wynne to invent a new game for the papers Sunday entertainment section. Word-Cross to Cross-Word to Crossword Arthur Wynnes first crossword puzzle was initially called word-cross and was diamond-shaped. The name later switched to cross-word, and then as a result of an accidental typo the hyphen was dropped and the name became crossword. Wynne based his crossword puzzle on a similar but much older game played in ancient Pompeii that translated from Latin to English was called Magic Squares. In Magic Squares, the player is given a group of words and has to arrange them on a grid so that the words read the same way across and down. A crossword puzzle is very similar, except instead of being given the words the player is given clues. Arthur Wynne added other innovations to the crossword puzzle. While the first puzzle was diamond-shaped, he later invented horizontal and vertical shaped puzzles; and Wynne invented the use of adding blank black squares to a crossword puzzle. The crossword puzzle in a British publication was published in Pearsons Magazine in February 1922. The first New York Times crossword was published on February 1, 1930. First Book of Crossword Puzzles According to the Guinness Book of Records, the first collection of crossword puzzles was published in the USA in 1924. Called The Cross Word Puzzle Book was the first publication by a new partnership formed by Dick Simon and Lincoln Schuster. The book, a compilation of crossword puzzles from the newspaper New York World, was an instant success and helped to establish publishing giant Simon Schuster, who continue to produce crossword books to this day. Crossword Weaver In 1997, Crossword Weaver was patented by Variety Games Inc. Crossword Weaver was the first computer software program that created crossword puzzles.

Air Pollution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Air Pollution - Research Paper Example More importantly, there were very few public agencies and academic institutions tracking environmental health effects caused by air pollution on a regional scale. This lack of regional-scale environmental health monitoring and studies has raised the concern and awareness of both regional municipal administrations and the general public in recent years. A fundamental assessment of air pollution and related adverse health effects is needed. Exposure and Health Effects of Air Pollution Air pollution is a complex mixture of particles and gases that can vary in composition depending on geographic location, season, and time of day. In urban settings it consists primarily of particulate matter derived from motor vehicle and industrial emissions, primary gaseous pollutants such as sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and the secondary pollutants nitrogen dioxide and ozone (Pope, III and Dockery 709 - 710). Respirable particles are generally classified by aerodynamic diameter and fall into three main modes: a nucleation mode (smaller than 0.1 ?m); an accumulation mode (between 0.1 ?m and 1 ?m); and a coarse mode (larger than 1 ?m) (Pope, III and Dockery 709 - 742). ... cles are present in much higher numbers and present a greater total surface area per unit of mass to carry reactive co-pollutants and interact with cellular targets. Particle size will determine the probability of deposition in different regions of the airways and may impact on clearance dynamics and physiologic responses. Compared to larger particles, fine and ultra fine particles are more likely to deposit in the gas-exchange regions of the lungs, and may not be as readily phagocytosed as larger particles. In addition to size, the inherent toxicity of particles may relate to their composition, with metals in particular being associated with toxicity (Pope, III and Dockery 709 - 742). For air pollution exposure studies, the most prevalent air pollutants are ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and the usual diseases under study have included respiratory and cardiovascular disorders. PMIO can increase susceptibility to respiratory infectious diseases and exacerb ate asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) (Stephania et al. 810 - 817). PM and Ozone are also associated with cough, premature death, bronchitis, and decline in lung function. Ozone promotes asthma and causes respiratory illness, especially among children (At a Glance 1-4, Stephania et al. 810 - 817). Although immunological, developmental, and reproductive effects are also mentioned in some papers, such studies are not as common as those examining respiratory or cardiovascular effects (At a Glance 1 - 4, Stephania et al. 810 - 817). Initial epidemiologic studies focused on health effects in the days following periods of severe air pollution. Episodes of extremely high air pollution such as the Meuse Valley Fog of 1930 and the London Fog of 1952 were associated with

Corporate Power Global Trend to the Fashion Industry in Ethiopia Assignment

Corporate Power Global Trend to the Fashion Industry in Ethiopia - Assignment Example The fashion industry in Ethiopia is growing since it has received significant amounts of corporate investments. The investors, suppliers, and large corporations have been entering the country to take advantage of low costs of productions in terms of land and labor. The large tracts of land are also fertile for the growth of cotton. The stable government encourages investments. Additionally, Ethiopia has a young population that is trainable. However, the textile industry faces some drawbacks such as transport logistics, corporate scandals, and misuse of land and labor laws. The corporate power would continue to influence the fashion industry positively in Ethiopia if companies continued to take advantage of the country’s favorable factors and co-operated to eliminate drawbacks. The textile industry in Ethiopia has come from far and has a potential of soaring to greater heights if the current corporate investments persist. Ethiopia is in Sub-Saharan Africa, a region that experiences a nascent growth in the textile industry compared to the Northern parts of Africa. According to Fassil Tadesse, Kebire Enterprises Chief Executive Officer, Ethiopia textile tradition can be traced back a long way but its development had begun taking roots just a few years ago. A critical analysis shows that Ethiopian textile industry forms part of a wider pattern of the global trade movement. It moved to Japan after beginning in the United States. It advanced to South Korea before crawling to China (Mousavi). The soaring cost of conducting business in China over the last few years has made investors shift to Africa due to low costs in the region. Speaking to the Economist Intelligence Unit, Fossil said fashion development emanates mainly from Turkey, India, China, South Korea, an d Bangladesh.